Educational development

In developing countries, the number and seriousness of the problems faced are naturally greater. People in more remote or agrarian areas are sometimes unaware of the importance of education. However, many countries have an active Ministry of Education, and in many subjects, such as foreign language learning, the degree of education is actually much higher than in industrialized countries; for example, it is not at all uncommon for students in many developing countries to be reasonably fluent in multiple foreign languages, whereas this is much more of a rarity in the supposedly "more educated" countries where much of the population is in fact monolingual.

There is also economic pressure from those parents who prefer their children making money in the short term over any long-term benefits of education. Recent studies on child labor and poverty have suggested that when poor families reach a certain economic threshold where families are able to provide for their basic needs, parents return their children to school. This has been found to be true, once the threshold has been breached, even if the potential economic value of the children's work has increased since their return to school.

Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe.

A lack of good universities, and a low acceptance rate for good universities, is evident in countries with a high population density. In some countries, there are uniform, over structured, inflexible centralized programs from a central agency that regulates all aspects of education.
Due to globalization, increased pressure on students in curricular activities
Removal of a certain percentage of students for improvisation of academics (usually practised in schools, after 10th grade)

India is now developing technologies that will skip land based phone and internet lines. Instead, India launched EDUSAT, an education satellite that can reach more of the country at a greatly reduced cost. There is also an initiative started by the OLPC foundation, a group out of MIT Media Lab and supported by several major corporations to develop a $100 laptop to deliver educational software. The laptops are widely available as of 2008. The laptops are sold at cost or given away based on donations. These will enable developing countries to give their children a digital education, and help close the digital divide across the world.

In Africa, NEPAD has launched an "e-school programme" to provide all 600,000 primary and high schools with computer equipment, learning materials and internet access within 10 years. Private groups, like The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, are working to give more individuals opportunities to receive education in developing countries through such programs as the Perpetual Education Fund. An International Development Agency project called nabuur.com, started with the support of former American President Bill Clinton, uses the Internet to allow co-operation by individuals on issues of social development.

resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education 

Primary Education

Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, main education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[2] Under the Education for All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.

resource  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education 

GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND CHARACTERS-FIGURE Sophist

A. Philosopher-philosopher First Of Miletos

1. Thales (624-546 BC). Thales was the first philosopher who seeks the principle of the universe, which he argues for a very fundamental question what is the nature of the world stuff "what is really material universe". He then answered the water. Because water has enormous power that can turn human beings. He thinks the earth is also situated over the water, because all water comes from.
2. Anaximandros (610-540 BC). He is one of the students is that Thelas the last principle is to Apeleron (the infinite). According to the exact position of Earth in the center of the universe. This opinion expressed by obeservasi and he declared that the universe is ruled by a law, the law of justice.
3. Anaximenes. Anaximenes says that the origin of something is air. Because of this air cover everything. He likened the human body with the universe.
4. Pythagoras and mazdhab phytagoras. Relegius Terekat phytagoras which is understood as kebathinan flow. According to their philosophy of how merupkan a Man became adept. The doctrine is particularly phytagoras about akusentikoi (pereaturan) and mathematikoi (science)
5. Xenophones (570 BC). Establishment of schools Xenophones merupkan Elea. He teaches about the universal religious ism, the Esaan and kekelan God. He thinks about summed up in the earth's natural circulation process ongoing.
6. Heraklares (500 BC). this nature are not always in a state of rest, nature is always dynamic, and never stopped, he was always moving so it produces resistance movement. He concluded that the fundamental in nature that is the process. This statement implies that truth is always changing (relative). This is the beginning of the development of philosophy sophism.
   

B. Schools Elea

1. Parmendis (515 BC). He is an important figure relativism. He called the first modern filsofot figures. Merupkan opposite way of thinking of Hereklietos, which the system entirely based on logical dedukasi. According to the standard of truth is a consistent logic. So the truth is the size of the human mind, and the truth lies in human logic.
2. Zeno (460 BC). He was a disciple of Parmenides, that he gave the belief that truth is relative (the teachings of Parmenides) who had been much doubt. Such ideas include the ideas of the sophists. Because of their conflicting views, and all things are relative merits. For the sophists there is no general truth (generalization). People sophists so popular, but they are not favored by the philosopher, so that opposed teachings.
3. Melissos (441SM). He was a philosopher who defended the teachings of Parmenides by following the teachings of thought and argument anyway.

Education

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education

Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.

Etymologically the word education contains educare (Latin) "bring up", which is related to educere "bring out", "bring forth what is within", "bring out potential" and ducere, "to lead".[1]

Teachers in educational institutions direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects, including reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. This process is sometimes called schooling when referring to the education of teaching only a certain subject, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is also education in fields for those who want specific vocational skills, such as those required to be a pilot. In addition there is an array of education possible at the informal level, such as in museums and libraries, with the Internet and in life experience. Many non-traditional education options are now available and continue to evolve.

A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.

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Indonesian to English translationShow romanization
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General Philosophy

Understanding Philosophy

Poedjawijatna (1974:1) states that the word philosophy comes from the Arabic word related meetings with the Greek word, even the origin of the word is Greek. Is the word philosophia, which consists of philo meaning in the broadest sense of wanting to, and therefore try to achieve the desired, Sophia which means the policy that is intelligent, in-depth understanding. Thus, in terms of philosophy of language is a deep desire to get a policy, or a deep desire to be wise.
Plato said that philosophy is the knowledge that the original interest in reaching the truth, while Aristotle argued that philosophy is the knowledge that covers the truth incorporated therein metaphysics, logic, economics, politics, aesthetics. The difference between one character's definition with the other figures due to differences in their connotations of Philosophy at each.

How to Learn Philosophy
There are three kinds of methods of studying philosophy, among others:

• A systematic method, meaning students face the work of philosophy. For example a student first and then deal with the theory of the nature of the theory of continued Fiulsafat theory of value or values. Through this method we focus on the content terpuisat philosophy, not the characters or the period.
• Historical method used when the students learn how to follow the philosophy with its history, so the history of thought.
• Kreitis method, used by those who study philosophy intensive level.

Philosophy Research Object
Which became the object of difikirkan philosophy by the philosopher is all that exists and that there may be so immense. Objects investigated by philosophy is called the material object. In addition to material objects is also called formal objects, ie objects of deep philosophical inquiry.

Systematic philosophy
In Philosophy besranya line is divided into three major branches, namely:
The theory of knowledge, this theory basically talking about how to obtain a large branch pengetahuan.ini is discussing epistimologi philosophy and logic. Epistimologi discuss among others the true nature of knowledge also discuss sources of knowledge and how to acquire knowledge. Human knowledge is obtained in various ways and by using various tools. There are several streams that talk about this, including empiricism, rationalism, positivism, intuitionism.
The theory of the essence, this theory of extensive discussion at all that there and who may be ada.yang also include knowledge and values (which is the nature of knowledge sought and the nature of value.
Theory of value, this theory includes two well-known branch of philosophy: ethics and aesthetics. The first talk about the bad things-human deeds, and the two talked about the beautiful art is not beautiful, good art made by humans as well as art made by non-human.
Thus, the sum theory of knowledge to talk about how to obtain pengetahuan.teori discuss the nature of knowledge itself and the theory of value to discuss that knowledge.

Mind and Heart of the Ancient Greek era
Philosophy is common perpetrators, and the "enemy" (or partner) it is a heart, a sense.
What is meant by common sense here is the logical place pat on the head, whereas, the heart is a sense that is located approximately in the chest. Intellect is logical that produce knowledge called philosophy, while the heart is essentially produce knowledge supralogis called mystical knowledge; faith is here.
Philosophy is basically a sense, is essentially religious faith (heart, taste). Therefore natural that cultural development is always motivated by the struggle between mind and heart, between reason and faith, between philosophy and religion. He has started to look at the ancient Greek era.
At the initial stage, namely at Thales and some of his friends, began striking dominance of reason, but faith still seemed to play its role.
If the average is taken, seems to say that at the time bertolaknya mind and heart, reason and faith, philosophy and religion are both still hold dominance in life.
General Cirri Greek philosophy is rationalism. Greek rationalism reached its peak in the sophists.

Mind and Heart of the Middle Ages
The beginning of the Middle Ages can probably started in Plotinus. In Plotinus (born 204 AD), the influence of Christianity seems to have been large; philosophy of spiritual character.
In the ajran Plotinus does not depend on the material; one hundred percent of the passive material, while one hundred percent of the active soul. Therefore, the soul is the essence of the material body.
Left in the philosophy of Plotinus is not separate from the soul, it is something inherent dalan soul. When you reach the original unity, which means that when he separated from the soul, when it will be lost, for example, when he united with the universe.
In brief, Plotinus was the first philosopher who proposed the theory of creation of the universe. He proposed the famous theory of the emanation. This theory was followed by many philosophers of Islam. This theory is the answer to the question Thales about eight centuries ago: what the material universe. Plotinus said: God material. Philosophy Plotinus breathe most mystical, even in his opinion the purpose of philosophy is to achieve a mystical understanding.
Emanation, a theory of creation that has not been proposed by other philosophers. The main purpose of this theory is to explain that the banayak (creature) does not create an understanding that in the One there is a lot of sense. That is, the theory of emanation does not create an understanding that God is as much a creature.
Intellect in this century really lost, it was seen in platinus philosophy. As it is said that the medieval sense of revenge against the domination of the nearly one hundred percent on the previous Greek era, especially in the days of sophists.
Medieval philosophers also gave birth to a pretty, namely Thomas Aquinas. He was born in the days before the end affect the power of the Christian religion the way of thinking. Pressure on rational thinking at the time he lived had been clipped. Therefore, he had announced a rational philosophy. Famous is a proof of the existence of God that is still studied today hinggga people. But his philosophy is still not liked by many people at that time. Five propositions about the existence of God from Aquinas is actually not strong as expected. Later many philosophers who reject it. Especially Kent.

Mind and Heart of the Modern Age
After the medieval fortress breached by Decrates, philosophy out of the grip that religion (Christian faith), then like a flood, sweeping sense and confront what hinders. Reason prevailed. Ratio cheered with delight. Since the renaissance alive by Decrates in the field of philosophy, the Greek rationalism was to be the only way of doing philosophy in the Modern Age, but later in Kent.
In modern times these different schools of philosophy arose. Basically a whole style of modern philosophy that takes the color of Greek philosophical sophism, a few exceptions in Kent. Ideas that appear in the outline is rationalism, idealism, empiricism, and ideas that are a fraction of the stream.
Understand rationalism taught that reason (reason) is the most important tool in gaining and testing knowledge. Clearly this is a strong reaction against the dominance of medieval faith. There are three important figures discussed here as a supporter of rationalism: Decrates, Spinoza, Leibiniz.
Rasionalime thinking it ditingkahi also by idealism. It teaches that to understand the physical nature of the soul, spirit. Plato's idea is certainly the most likely way to learn to understand Modern idealism. Based on such padah idealism Fitche behind our claim that there is absolute mind.
Between idealism rasionalime and there is no argument. But when faced with empiricism, became another problem. Empiricism is very different and contrary to the idealism and rationalism. Empiricism figures rejected the main ideas of the rationalist and idealist. Formulation poko empiricism philosophy is: "there is nothing in our minds but preceded by experience".
The third major stream of this (rationalism, idealism, empiricism) was enough to make modern philosophy confuses modern people. Rationalism and idealism says "Spirit" of nature; empiricism says "things" that nature, and the "spirit" does not exist. As a result of science and religion is clear: science is suspect (especially Hume) and religious doubt.

Mind and Heart of the Modern Age
After the medieval fortress breached by Decrates, philosophy out of the grip that religion (Christian faith), then like a flood, sweeping sense and confront what hinders. Reason prevailed. Ratio cheered with delight. Since the renaissance alive by Decrates in the field of philosophy, the Greek rationalism was to be the only way of doing philosophy in the Modern Age, but later in Kent.
In modern times these different schools of philosophy arose. Basically a whole style of modern philosophy that takes the color of Greek philosophical sophism, a few exceptions in Kent. Ideas that appear in the outline is rationalism, idealism, empiricism, and ideas that are a fraction of the stream.
Understand rationalism taught that reason (reason) is the most important tool in gaining and testing knowledge. Clearly this is a strong reaction against the dominance of medieval faith. There are three important figures discussed here as a supporter of rationalism: Decrates, Spinoza, Leibiniz.
Rasionalime thinking it ditingkahi also by idealism. It teaches that to understand the physical nature of the soul, spirit. Plato's idea is certainly the most likely way to learn to understand Modern idealism. Based on such padah idealism Fitche behind our claim that there is absolute mind.
Between idealism rasionalime and there is no argument. But when faced with empiricism, became another problem. Empiricism is very different and contrary to the idealism and rationalism. Empiricism figures rejected the main ideas of the rationalist and idealist. Formulation poko empiricism philosophy is: "there is nothing in our minds but preceded by experience".
The third major stream of this (rationalism, idealism, empiricism) was enough to make modern philosophy confuses modern people. Rationalism and idealism says "Spirit" of nature; empiricism says "things" that nature, and the "spirit" does not exist. As a result of science and religion is clear: science is suspect (especially Hume) and religious doubt.

Sense of balance-Mind-Heart
Stability of life is only determined by two things: the rules of science and philosophy, on the one hand and religious belief on the other. Both had been in doubt at the time that sophism. Of course, life becomes chaotic because the value system has been chaotic.
Actually the truth of science, philosophy, faith was obvious when the size of the truth as measured by the size of each. Size of science and philosophy is a logical and empirical, while faith is the heart size / taste. In this way it is from there that the three that are not true.
Persoalanny would be another if one of the three factors had made the highest mainstay in life, because it will happen imbalance if one of the three did not exist.
Science was created not for the life ring, as well as philosophy and heart / taste. Good science, philosophy or the heart, not strong enough to hold onto life, if only one of the subscription. For what? Yes, because it kerelatifannya.
Beguna science, philosophy useful, useful in the position of faith or their respective regions, science, philosophy and faith (heart) each have the truth, in accordance with their respective sizes.
Actually, in this life senses, mind and heart must be considered at least as great as when the heart can not be more important to note. If you want perfect, humans must be balanced dominated by the senses, intellect, and feeling (the heart or faith) it. The potential that each should receive training simultaneously (simultaneously) and balanced. If one has dominated more than the others, then life in danger; mempelihatkan history has it.